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Hiérarchies portuaires dans le monde et changements régionaux de connectivité maritime, 1890–2010
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- By César Ducruet, César Ducruet is a researcher at the CNRS, Paris, France, Bruno Marnot, Bruno Marnot is a professor of contemporary history at the University of La Rochelle, France
- Edited by Christian Buchet, N. A. M. Rodger
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- Book:
- The Sea in History - The Modern World
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 26 May 2017
- Print publication:
- 17 February 2017, pp 639-657
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Summary
RÉSUMÉ. Les statistiques souvent incomplètes et faussées du commerce maritime international peuvent être remplacées par une analyse de la circulation entre les ports, telle que mesurée par le « Lloyd's Shipping Index ». Jusqu'à la seconde guerre mondiale, les ports britanniques et d'Europe occidentale demeurèrent les centres névralgiques du commerce international mais par la suite, la puissance économique et politique des États-Unis s'exprima à travers la densité de leur commerce extérieur. À la fin du XXe siècle, le commerce international devint multipolaire, sans qu'aucun pays dominant ne se détache.
ABSTRACT. Incomplete and distorted statistics of international seaborne trade can be replaced by an analysis of flows from port to port drawn from Lloyd's Shipping Index. Up until the Second World War, British and Western European ports remained the centres of international trade. After it, the political and economic power of the U.S.A. was expressed by the density of its overseas trade. By the end of the 20thcentury world trade was multipolar, with no one dominant country.
INTRODUCTION
Le rôle du fait maritime dans l'évolution des sociétés humaines est difficile à évaluer faute d'informations précises sur l'importance même de l'activité maritime à l'échelle mondiale. Les statistiques de tonnage portuaire ne couvrent que partiellement le globe ou la période contemporaine. Le recours aux pavillons pour comparer la taille de la flotte des pays reste un pis-aller eu égard aux immatriculations échappant aux contraintes fiscales. Les nombreux travaux faisant le point sur une région et/ou une période donnée sont difficilement synthétisables tant les sources utilisées diffèrent. l'une des rares solutions restantes est de considérer la façon dont ports, régions, ou nations sont reliés les uns aux autres par les flux du commerce maritime. Ceci est possible grâce à la redécouverte d'archives jusqu'ici inexploitées, celles de l'assureur maritime Lloyd's sur les mouvements de navires dans le monde, publiées depuis l'année 1696 de façon quotidienne ou hebdomadaire.
PRÉSENTATION DE LA SOURCE ET RÉSULTATS PRÉLIMINAIRES
La présente analyse propose ainsi de mesurer le nombre d'escales de navires par pays et couple de pays au niveau mondial à cinq dates-clé de la période contemporaine(1890, 1925, 1960, 1985 et 2008).
“The International Scope of Bordeaux Port: Logistics, Economic Effects and Business Cycles in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”
- from Part I - Port Case Studies
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- By Hubert Bonin, Professor of Modern Economic History at the University of Bordeaux 4, Bruno Marnot, Assistant Professor at the University of Bordeaux.
- Edited by Tapio Bergholm, Lewis R. Fischer, M. Elisabetta Tonizzi
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- Book:
- Making Global and Local Connections
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 05 May 2018
- Print publication:
- 01 January 2007, pp 1-22
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Summary
By contrast with the brilliant eighteenth century, the prevailing view in the literature is that Bordeaux in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was a declining port. Nonetheless, most of the city's merchants never abandoned hopes of maintaining an international scope for their port, despite a new economic environment which appeared unfavourable to their interests. That is why it is useful to survey the international involvement of the port and its capacity to adapt to major maritime revolutions over two centuries. In this study we will focus on some aspects of the evolution of the harbour, such as the structure and features of Bordeaux's trade; the pattern of investments and their influence on the growth of trade; the logistic development of the port and connections with the hinterland; the relationship between foreign trade and industrial or business cycles; and links with France's constricting colonial empire. We also intend to place the port within an international and national framework of production, transport and logistics and examine how this affected Bordeaux's competitive position. After the Napoleonic wars, the nineteenth century was marked by a lengthy effort to re-establish trade links using traditional expertise and local comparative advantages. Despite an increasingly peripheral location in the twentieth century, the port tried to maintain its role as an international entrepot, especially in passenger traffic, and strengthened its colonial ties until the 1960s. In the last three decades of the century the port had to adjust to radically different national and international commercial climates.
International Links and Nineteenth-Century Port Modernisation
After two decades of war the trade of the port of Bordeaux, as elsewhere in Europe, was stagnant in 1815. Its activities during the Continental Blockade (1806-1814) were maintained only by neutral US vessels and the “regime of licences.” The city's merchants were no longer in touch directly with overseas markets. After these dark years, they had to face two challenges: to revive the former trading ties that had generated so much prosperity in the eighteenth century and to adapt to a new maritime environment dominated by British shipping. Since the merchants knew that it was impossible to restore all of Bordeaux's trading patterns, finding new markets was crucial if it was to remain among the main ports of France and Europe.